550.420/620/421 Probability - FALL 2022
MIDTERM 2
1. A machine puts out Hershey Kisses one-at-a-time on a conveyer belt. For the holidays each candy gets either a red or a green aluminum foil wrapping. Assume the color choice is done independently from candy to candy and the probability is .20 that a candy gets a red wrapping.
Let X be the number of candies among the first 10 that get a red wrapping. Let Yk be the number of candies we see until the kth red wrapping.
The picture above shows first 10 candies (left to right) in a possible sample point of this experiment. For this sample point X = 4, Y1 = 4, Y2 = 7, Y3 = 9 and Y4 = 10. The following are separate questions unless noted otherwise.
(a) What specific distribution does X have? Compute P (X = 4) do not simplify.
(b) What specific distribution does Yk have? Compute P (Y2 = 7) do not simplify.
(c) What’s the probability exactly 4 candies get red wrapping among the first 10 if the 7th candy is the second to be wrapped in red. Simplify.
2. Twelve (12) vegetable cans, all the same size, have lost their labels. It is known that five (5) contain tomatoes and the rest contain beets. In a random sample of four (4) cans, X is the number of canned beets. What named distribution does X have? Compute P (X = 4). Simplify.
3. In a certain hospital it is known that the expected number of baby births is about 1 baby per hour.
What’s the probability exactly 3 babies are born in a 2-hour period? Do not simplify. [2 bonus pts] Compute the probability that an even number of babies are born in a 1-hour period. Show work.
4. The following are separate questions. (a) Consider the statement:
If a random variable X is finitely supported (i.e., the support of the rv is contained in a subinterval of the real line of finite length), then its MGF MX (θ) must exist and be finite for all θ ∈ R.
Is this Always true, Sometimes true, or Never true. Provide justification.
(b) The following is the CDF of a rv X:
(1) Is X continuous? YES or NO. Circle one.
(2) Is X discrete? YES or NO. Circle one.
(3) Compute P (1 < X < 3). Show how you get this value.
5. Suppose Y ~ log-normal(μ; σ2 ). Compute the variance of Y2 .
[1 bonus pt] Identify the specific distribution of Y2 along with a justification.
6. Suppose X ~ uniform(0; 1) and set
Use the CDF method to derive the pdf of Y.
Please identify the support of Y before you go through this method.
7. The Flory–Schulz distribution is the distribution of a discrete rv having the pmf
P (X = k) = a2 k(1 - a)k-1 for k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
where 0 < a < 1 is a constant. Show that this is a pmf and compute E(X). Hint: if you use the distribution sheet, clearly explain how you’re using it.
8. Let c be the (constant) price of an item. The number of items sold (assumed to be a continuous rv) is X ~ N(12 - c2 , 1). The revenue from selling X is r(X ) = cX . (a) Determine the c that maximizes the expected revenue E(r(X )).
(b) Using the value c = 2, find the probability that the revenue exceeds $10. You’re given
Φ(-3) = 0.0013, Φ(-1.5) = 0.0668, Φ(0.5) = 0.6915, Φ(1) = 0.8413, Φ(2) = 0.9772.
9. Suppose B has the Rayleigh distribution,i.e., has pdf f(b) = be-b2 /2 for b > 0, and C ~ Exp(2), and B and C are independent. Find the probability that the quadratic equation x2 + Bx + C = 0 has no real roots.
Hint: recall the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
10. Suppose that X is a nonnegative continuous rv having CDF F (x) and pdf f (x) that has a finite mean and variance. With justification show that the following expression evaluates to the second moment of X: